Sifetin ƙwayoyin halitta abu ne mai ramuka (ƙananan ramuka) masu girman iri ɗaya

Sifet ɗin ƙwayoyin halitta abu ne mai ramuka (ƙananan ramuka) masu girman iri ɗaya. Waɗannan diamita na ramuka suna kama da ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta, don haka manyan ƙwayoyin halitta ba za su iya shiga ko su sha ba, yayin da ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta za su iya. Yayin da cakuda ƙwayoyin halitta ke ƙaura ta cikin gadon da babu komai a ciki na wani abu mai ramuka, mai ɗan ƙarfi wanda ake kira sifet (ko matrix), abubuwan da ke cikin mafi girman nauyin ƙwayoyin halitta (waɗanda ba za su iya shiga cikin ramukan ƙwayoyin halitta ba) suna barin gadon da farko, sai ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta a jere. Ana amfani da wasu sifet ɗin ƙwayoyin halitta a cikin chromatography na cire girma, wata dabarar rabuwa da ke rarraba ƙwayoyin halitta bisa ga girmansu. Ana amfani da sauran sifet ɗin ƙwayoyin halitta azaman abubuwan bushewa (wasu misalai sun haɗa da gawayi da aka kunna da gel ɗin silica).
Ana auna diamita na ramin sieve na kwayoyin halitta da ångströms (Å) ko nanometers (nm). A cewar bayanin IUPAC, kayan ƙananan ramuka suna da diamita na rami ƙasa da 2 nm (20 Å) kuma kayan manyan ramuka suna da diamita na rami fiye da 50 nm (500 Å); don haka rukunin mesoporous yana tsakiyar tare da diamita na rami tsakanin 2 zuwa 50 nm (20–500 Å).
Kayan Aiki
Sifetocin kwayoyin halitta na iya zama kayan microporous, mesoporous, ko macroporos.
Kayan micropores (
●Zeolites (ma'adanai na aluminum, ba za a iya rikita su da aluminum silicate ba)
●Zeolite LTA: 3–4 Å
●Gilashin da ke da ramuka: 10 Å (1 nm), da sama
●Kabon mai aiki: 0–20 Å (0–2 nm), da sama
●Yuƙaƙe
●Haɗaɗɗun haɗin gwiwa na Montmorillonite
●Halloysite (endellite): Ana samun siffofi guda biyu da aka saba gani, idan yumɓu ya jika, yana nuna tazara ta 1 nm na yadudduka, kuma idan ya jika (meta-halloysite), tazara ta 0.7 nm. Halloysite yana faruwa ne a zahiri a matsayin ƙananan silinda waɗanda matsakaicin diamita na 30 nm tare da tsayi tsakanin micrometers 0.5 da 10.
Kayan da ke da ƙarfi (2–50 nm)
Silicon dioxide (wanda ake amfani da shi wajen yin gel ɗin silica): 24 Å (2.4 nm)
Kayan da ke da manyan ramuka (>50 nm)
Silica mai yawan gaske, 200–1000 Å (20–100 nm)
Aikace-aikace[gyara]
Ana amfani da sirinji na ƙwayoyin halitta a masana'antar mai, musamman don busar da kwararar iskar gas. Misali, a masana'antar iskar gas ta ruwa (LNG), ana buƙatar rage yawan ruwan da ke cikin iskar gas zuwa ƙasa da 1 ppmv don hana toshewar da kankara ko methane clathrate ke haifarwa.
A dakin gwaje-gwaje, ana amfani da sirinji na kwayoyin halitta don busar da sinadarin da ke narkewa. "Sieves" sun tabbatar da cewa sun fi dabarun busarwa na gargajiya, waɗanda galibi suna amfani da masu kashe ƙura masu ƙarfi.
A ƙarƙashin kalmar zeolites, ana amfani da sieves na kwayoyin halitta don aikace-aikacen catalytic iri-iri. Suna haɓaka isomerization, alkylation, da epoxidation, kuma ana amfani da su a cikin manyan ayyukan masana'antu, gami da hydrocracking da fluid catalytic cracking.
Ana kuma amfani da su wajen tace iskar da ake amfani da ita wajen na'urorin numfashi, misali waɗanda masu nutsewa da masu kashe gobara ke amfani da su. A irin waɗannan aikace-aikacen, na'urar sanyaya iska ce ke samar da iska kuma ana wucewa ta cikin matatar harsashi wadda, dangane da aikace-aikacen, ana cika ta da sieve na kwayoyin halitta da/ko carbon da aka kunna, a ƙarshe ana amfani da ita don cajin tankunan iska masu numfashi. Irin wannan tacewa na iya cire barbashi da kayayyakin fitar da iskar da ke ...
Amincewar FDA.
Hukumar FDA ta Amurka ta amince da sinadarin sodium aluminosilicate a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2012 don yin mu'amala kai tsaye da kayayyakin da ake amfani da su a ƙarƙashin 21 CFR 182.2727. Kafin wannan amincewar, Tarayyar Turai ta yi amfani da sinadarin molecular sieves tare da magunguna kuma gwajin da aka yi ya nuna cewa sinadarin molecular sieves ya cika dukkan buƙatun gwamnati amma masana'antar ba ta son ɗaukar nauyin gwajin da ake buƙata don amincewa da gwamnati.
Sabuntawa
Hanyoyin sake farfaɗo da sifefun ƙwayoyin halitta sun haɗa da canjin matsin lamba (kamar a cikin masu tattara iskar oxygen), dumama da tsarkakewa da iskar gas mai ɗaukar kaya (kamar lokacin da ake amfani da shi a lokacin bushewar ethanol), ko dumamawa a ƙarƙashin babban injin tururi. Yanayin zafi na sake farfaɗowa yana daga 175 °C (350 °F) zuwa 315 °C (600 °F) ya danganta da nau'in sifefun ƙwayoyin halitta. Sabanin haka, ana iya sake farfaɗo da silica ta hanyar dumama shi a cikin tanda na yau da kullun zuwa 120 °C (250 °F) na tsawon awanni biyu. Duk da haka, wasu nau'ikan silica gel za su "farfaɗo" idan aka fallasa su ga isasshen ruwa. Wannan yana faruwa ne sakamakon karyewar silica spheres lokacin da suka taɓa ruwan.

Samfuri	Diamita na rami (Angström)	Yawan yawa (g/ml)	Ruwan da aka sha (% w/w)	Ragewa ko gogewa, W(% w/w)	Amfani
3Å	3	0.60–0.68	19–20	0.3–0.6	Rushewar ƙasanafashewar man feturiskar gas da alkenes, zaɓin sha na H2O a cikingilashin da aka rufe (IG)da kuma polyurethane, bushewaman fetur na ethanoldon haɗawa da fetur.
4Å	4	0.60–0.65	20–21	0.3–0.6	Shakar ruwa a cikinsodium aluminosilicatewanda FDA ta amince da shi (dubaa ƙasa) ana amfani da shi azaman sieve na kwayoyin halitta a cikin kwantena na likita don kiyaye abubuwan da ke ciki a bushe kuma kamar yaddaƙarin abincisamunLambar EE-554 (wakilin hana caking); An fi so don bushewar ruwa a cikin tsarin ruwa ko iskar gas da aka rufe, misali, a cikin marufi na magunguna, kayan lantarki da sinadarai masu lalacewa; cire ruwa a cikin tsarin bugawa da robobi da busar da kwararar hydrocarbon mai cike. Nau'ikan da aka shafa sun haɗa da SO2, CO2, H2S, C2H4, C2H6, da C3H6. Gabaɗaya ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin maganin bushewa na duniya a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na polar da nonpolar;[12]rabuwariskar gaskumaalkenessha ruwa a cikin ruwa mara sinadarin nitrogenpolyurethane
5Å-DW	5	0.45–0.50	21–22	0.3–0.6	Rage mai da kuma rage yawan zubar da ruwa a cikinharkokin sufurin jiragen sama kananzirkumadizalda kuma rabuwar alkenes
Ƙaramin iskar oxygen mai yawa 5Å	5	0.4–0.8	≥23		An ƙera shi musamman don injin samar da iskar oxygen na likita ko mai lafiya[ana buƙatar ambato]
5Å	5	0.60–0.65	20–21	0.3–0.5	Shaye-shaye da tsarkake iska;rashin ruwa a jikikumarage sinadarin sulfurna iskar gas da kumaiskar gas mai ruwa;iskar oxygenkumahydrogensamarwa ta hanyarshaƙar matsi mai jujjuyawatsari
10X	8	0.50–0.60	23–24	0.3–0.6	Maganin shafawa mai inganci, wanda ake amfani da shi wajen bushewa, cire carbon, cire sulfurization na iskar gas da ruwa da kuma rabuwa daƙamshi mai kama da hydrocarbon
13X	10	0.55–0.65	23–24	0.3–0.5	Shaye-shaye, cire sinadarin sulfur da tsarkake iskar gas da iskar gas ta halitta
13X-AS	10	0.55–0.65	23–24	0.3–0.5	Ƙarfafawada kuma bushewa a masana'antar rabuwar iska, rabuwar nitrogen daga iskar oxygen a cikin masu tattara iskar oxygen
Cu-13X	10	0.50–0.60	23–24	0.3–0.5	Zaƙi(cire nathiols) naman fetur na jiragen samakuma masu dacewaruwayen hydrocarbons

Ƙarfin shaye-shaye

3Å

Kimanin tsarin sinadarai: ((K2O)2⁄3 (Na2O)1⁄3) • Al2O3• 2 SiO2 • 9/2 H2O

Rabon silica-alumina: SiO2/Al2O3≈2

Samarwa

Ana samar da sifefun kwayoyin halitta guda 3A ta hanyar musayar cation napotassiumdonsodiuma cikin sifefun kwayoyin halitta 4A (Duba ƙasa)

Amfani

Siffofin ƙwayoyin halitta na 3Å ba sa sha ƙwayoyin da diamitansu ya fi 3 Å girma. Halayen waɗannan siffofin ƙwayoyin halitta sun haɗa da saurin shawa cikin sauri, ikon sake farfaɗowa akai-akai, juriya mai kyau da kumajuriya ga gurɓatawaWaɗannan fasalulluka na iya inganta inganci da tsawon rayuwar sieve. Sieves na kwayoyin halitta na 3Å sune abubuwan da ake buƙata don bushewa a masana'antar mai da sinadarai don tace mai, polymerization, da bushewar zurfin iskar gas-ruwa mai sinadarai.

Ana amfani da sirinji na ƙwayoyin halitta na 3Å don busar da kayan aiki iri-iri, kamar suethanol, iska,firiji,iskar gaskumahydrocarbons marasa cikawaNa ƙarshen sun haɗa da iskar gas mai fashewa,acetylene,ethylene,propylenekumabutadiene.

Ana amfani da sieve na kwayoyin halitta na 3Å don cire ruwa daga ethanol, wanda daga baya za a iya amfani da shi kai tsaye a matsayin man fetur ko kuma a kaikaice don samar da kayayyaki daban-daban kamar sinadarai, abinci, magunguna, da sauransu. Tunda distillation na yau da kullun ba zai iya cire dukkan ruwan ba (wani samfurin da ba a so daga samar da ethanol) daga kwararar aikin ethanol saboda samuwarazeotropeA cikin nauyin da ke tsakanin kashi 95.6 cikin ɗari na yawan ƙwayoyin halitta, ana amfani da ƙwayoyin halitta don raba ethanol da ruwa a matakin ƙwayoyin halitta ta hanyar shanye ruwan cikin ƙwayoyin halitta da kuma barin ethanol ya ratsa cikin sauƙi. Da zarar ƙwayoyin halitta suka cika da ruwa, za a iya sarrafa zafin jiki ko matsin lamba, wanda hakan zai ba da damar fitar da ruwan daga ƙwayoyin halitta.[15]

Ana adana sifefun kwayoyin halitta na 3Å a zafin ɗaki, tare da ɗanɗanon da ba ya wuce 90%. Ana rufe su a ƙarƙashin ƙarancin matsin lamba, ana kiyaye su daga ruwa, acid da alkalis.

4Å

Tsarin sinadarai: Na2O•Al2O3•2SiO2•9/2H2O

Rabon silicon da aluminum: 1:1 (SiO2/Al2O3≈2)

Samarwa

Samar da sieve mai ƙarfi 4Å abu ne mai sauƙi domin ba ya buƙatar matsin lamba mai yawa ko yanayin zafi mai yawa. Yawanci ruwan da ke cikinsasodium silicatekumasodium aluminateAna haɗa samfurin da aka sanya masa sinadari a zafin digiri 80 Celsius. Ana "kunna" samfurin da aka sanya masa sinadari ta hanyar "yin burodi" a zafin digiri 400 Celsius. Sinadarorin sinadari 4A suna aiki a matsayin abin da zai fara sinadari 3A da 5A ta cikinsa.musayar cationnasodiumdonpotassium(na 3A) kocalcium(na 5A)

Amfani

Busar da sinadarai masu narkewa

Ana amfani da sirinji na ƙwayoyin halitta na 4Å sosai don busar da sinadarai masu narkewa a dakin gwaje-gwaje. Suna iya shanye ruwa da sauran ƙwayoyin halitta masu diamita mai mahimmanci ƙasa da 4 Å kamar NH3, H2S, SO2, CO2, C2H5OH, C2H6, da C2H4. Ana amfani da su sosai wajen busarwa, tacewa da tsarkake ruwa da iskar gas (kamar shirya argon).

 

Abubuwan da ake ƙarawa a cikin wakilin polyester[gyara]

Ana amfani da waɗannan sirinji na ƙwayoyin halitta don taimakawa sabulun wanka domin suna iya samar da ruwa mai narkewa ta hanyarcalciummusayar ion, cirewa da kuma hana zubar da datti. Ana amfani da su sosai don maye gurbinsu.phosphorusSifet ɗin 4Å yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen maye gurbin sodium tripolyphosphate a matsayin ƙarin sabulu domin rage tasirin sabulun a muhalli. Haka kuma ana iya amfani da shi azamansabuluwakili mai kafawa da kuma a cikinman goge baki.

Maganin sharar gida mai cutarwa

4Å molecular sifets na iya tsarkake najasa na nau'ikan cationic kamarammoniumions, Pb2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ da Cd2+. Saboda yawan zaɓin NH4+, an yi amfani da su cikin nasara a fagen fama don yaƙi.eutrophicationda sauran tasirin da ke faruwa a hanyoyin ruwa saboda yawan ions na ammonium. An kuma yi amfani da 4Å molecular sieves don cire ions na ƙarfe masu nauyi da ke cikin ruwa saboda ayyukan masana'antu.

Wasu dalilai

Themasana'antar ƙarfe: wakili mai rabawa, rabuwa, fitar da sinadarin potassium mai gishiri,rubidium,cesium, da sauransu.

Masana'antar mai,mai kara kuzari,abin sha mai bushewa, mai narkewa

Noma:na'urar sanyaya ƙasa

Magani: nauyin azurfazeolitewakili na antibacterial.

5Å

Tsarin sinadarai: 0.7CaO•0.30Na2O•Al2O3•2.0SiO2 •4.5H2O

Rabon silica-alumina: SiO2/Al2O3≈2

Samarwa

Ana samar da sifefun kwayoyin halitta 5A ta hanyar musayar cation nacalciumdonsodiuma cikin sifefun kwayoyin halitta 4A (Duba sama)

Amfani

Biyar-ångströmAna amfani da sirinji na kwayoyin halitta (5Å) sau da yawa a cikinman feturmasana'antu, musamman don tsarkake hanyoyin iskar gas da kuma dakin gwaje-gwajen sinadarai don rabawamahadida kuma kayan da ke fara busar da iskar. Suna ɗauke da ƙananan ramuka masu girman daidai kuma iri ɗaya, kuma galibi ana amfani da su azaman mai shaye-shaye ga iskar gas da ruwa.

Ana amfani da sirinji na kwayoyin halitta guda biyar don bushewaiskar gas, tare da yin aikirage sinadarin sulfurkumadecarbonationna iskar gas. Haka kuma ana iya amfani da su don raba gaurayen iskar oxygen, nitrogen da hydrogen, da kuma man-kakin mai da kakin zuma daga reshe da polycyclic hydrocarbons.

Ana adana sirinji na kwayoyin halitta guda biyar a zafin ɗaki, tare dadanshin da ya daceƙasa da kashi 90% a cikin ganga na kwali ko marufi na kwali. Bai kamata a fallasa sifetocin kwayoyin halitta kai tsaye ga iska da ruwa ba, ya kamata a guji acid da alkalis.

Tsarin halittar sifefun kwayoyin halitta

Ana samun sirinji na ƙwayoyin halitta a siffofi da girma dabam-dabam. Amma siffa mai siffar ƙwallo tana da fa'ida fiye da sauran siffofi domin suna ba da raguwar matsin lamba, suna da juriya ga cirewa saboda ba su da gefuna masu kaifi, kuma suna da ƙarfi mai kyau, wato ƙarfin murƙushewa da ake buƙata a kowane yanki ya fi girma. Wasu sirinji na ƙwayoyin halitta suna ba da ƙarancin ƙarfin zafi don haka rage buƙatar makamashi yayin sake farfaɗowa.

Wata fa'idar amfani da sandunan ƙarfe masu siffar bead ita ce yawan yawa yawanci ya fi sauran siffofi girma, don haka don wannan buƙatar shaye-shaye, girman sieve na ƙwayoyin halitta da ake buƙata ya yi ƙasa da haka. Don haka yayin da ake cire kwalba, mutum zai iya amfani da sandunan ƙarfe masu siffar bead, ya ɗora ƙarin mai a cikin girma ɗaya, kuma ya guji duk wani gyare-gyare a cikin tasoshin.